Preface to the first edition of The Ilford Manual of Photography (1890)
Preface to the ninth edition

1. Imaging systems
The production of images
Photographic and digital imaging
General characteristics of reproduction systems
Imaging chains
The reproduction of tone and colour
Image quality expectations

2. Fundamentals of light and vision
Light waves and particles
Optics
The electromagnetic spectrum
The eye and vision

3. Photographic light sources
Characteristics of light sources
Light output
Daylight
Tungsten-filament lamps
Tungsten-halogen lamps
Fluorescent lamps
Metal-halide lamps
Pulsed xenon lamps
Expendable flashbulbs
Electronic flash
Other sources

4. The geometry of image formation
Interaction of light with matter
Image formation
The simple lens
Image formation by a compound lens
Graphical construction of images
The lens conjugate equation
Field angle of view
Covering power of a lens
Geometric distortion
Depth of field
Depth of field equations
Depth of focus
Perspective

5. The photometry of image formation
Stops and pupils
Aperture
Mechanical vignetting
Image illumination
Image illuminance with wide-angle lenses
Exposure compensation for close-up photography
Light losses and lens transmission
Flare and its effects
T-numbers
Anti-reflection coatings

6. Optical aberrations and lens performance
Introduction
Axial chromatic aberration
Lateral chromatic aberration
Spherical aberration
Coma
Curvature of field
Astigmatism
Curvilinear distortion
Diffraction
Resolution and resolving power
Modulation transfer function

7. Camera lenses
Simple lenses
Compound lenses
Development of the photographic lens
Modern camera lenses
Wide-angle lenses
Long-focus lenses
Zoom and varifocal lenses
Macro lenses
Teleconverters
Optical attachments
Special effects

8. Types of camera
Survey of development
Camera types
Special purpose cameras
Automatic cameras
Digital cameras
Architecture of the digital camera

9. Camera features
Shutter systems
The iris diaphragm
Viewfinder systems
Flash synchronization
Focusing systems
Autofocus systems
Exposure metering systems
Battery power
Data imprinting

10. Camera movements
Introduction
Translational movements
Rotational movements
Lens covering power
Control of image sharpness
Limits to lens tilt
Control of image shape
Perspective control lenses
Shift cameras

11. Optical filters
Optical filters
Filter sizes
Filters and focusing
Colour filters for black-and-white photography
Colour filters for colour photography
Special filters
Polarizing filters
Filters for darkroom use

12. Sensitive materials and image sensors
Latent image formation in silver halides
Image formation by charge-coupled devices
Production of light-sensitive materials and sensors
Sizes and formats of photographic and electronic sensors and media

13. Spectral sensitivity of photographic materials
Response of photographic materials to short-wave radiation
Response of photographic materials to visible radiation
Spectral sensitization
Orthochromatic materials
Panchromatic materials
Extended sensitivity materials
Infrared materials
Other uses of dye sensitization
Determination of the colour sensitivity of an unknown material
Wedge spectrograms
Spectral sensitivity of digital cameras

14. Principles of colour photography
Colour matching
The first colour photograph
Additive colour photography
Subtractive colour photography
Additive processes
Subtractive processes
Integral tripacks

15. Sensitometry
The subject
Exposure
Density
Effect of light scatter in a negative
Callier coefficient
Density in practice
The characteristic (H and D) curve
Main regions of the negative characteristic curve
Variation of the characteristic curve with the material
Variation of the characteristic curve with development
Gamma-time curve
Variation of gamma with wavelength
Placing of the subject on the characteristic curve
Average gradient and G
Contrast index
Effect of variation in development on the negative
Effect of variation in exposure on the negative
Exposure latitude
The response curve of a photographic paper
Maximum black
Exposure range of a paper
Variation of the print curve with the type of emulsion
Variation of the print curve with development
Requirements in a print
Paper contrast
The problem of the subject of high contrast
Tone reproduction
Reciprocity law failure
Sensitometric practice
Sensitometers
Densitometers
Elementary sensitometry
Sensitometry of a digital camera

16. The reproduction of colour
Colours of the rainbow
Colours of natural objects
Effect of the light source on the appearance of colours
Response of the eye to colours
Primary and complementary colours
Complementary pairs of colours
Low light levels
Black-and-white processes
Colour processes
Formation of subtractive image dyes
Colour sensitometry
Imperfections of colour processes
Correction of deficiencies of the subtractive system
Masking of colour materials
Problems of duplication
The chemistry of colour image formation
Chromogenic processes
Silver-dye-bleach process
Instant colour processes
Alternative method for instant photography

17. Photographic processing
Developers and development
Developing agents
Preservatives
Alkalis
Restrainers (anti-foggants)
Miscellaneous additions to developers
Superadditivity (synergesis)
Monochrome developer formulae in general use
Changes in a developer with use
Replenishment
Preparing developers
Techniques of development
Obtaining the required degree of development
Quality control
Processing following development
Rinse and stop baths
Fixers
Silver recovery
Bleaching of silver images
Washing
Tests for permanence
Drying

18. Speed of materials, sensors and systems
Speed of photographic media
Methods of expressing speed
Speed systems and standards
ISO speed ratings for colour materials
Speed of digital systems
Speed ratings in practice

19. Camera exposure determination
Camera exposure
Optimum exposure criteria
Exposure latitude
Subject luminance ratio
Development variations
Exposure determination
Practical exposure tests
Light measurement
Exposure meter calibration
Exposure values
Incident light measurements
Exposure meters in practice
Photometry units
Spot meters
In-camera metering systems
Electronic flash exposure metering
Automatic electronic flash

20. Hard copy output media
Hard copy output
Photographic papers
Type of silver halide emulsion
Paper contrast
Paper surface
Paper base
Colour photographic papers
Processing photographic paper
Pictrography and Pictrostat
Dry Silver materials
Cylithographic materials/Cycolor
Thermal imaging materials
Materials for ink-jet printing

21. Production of hard copy
Photographic printing and enlarging
Types of enlargers
Light sources for enlarging and printing
Lenses for enlargers
Ancillary equipment
Exposure determination
Conventional image manipulation
Colour printing
Colour enlarger design
Types of colour enlarger
Methods of evaluating colour negatives for printing
Digital output
Evaluating the results

22. Life expectancy of imaging media
Life expectancy of photographic media
Processing conditions
Storage conditions
Atmospheric gases
Toning
Light fading
Life expectancy of digital media

23. Colour matters
Specification by sample
The physical specification of colour
Specification of colour by synthesis
Colour gamuts
Summing up

24. Theory of image formation
Sinusoidal waves
Images and sine waves
Imaging sinusoidal patterns
Fourier theory of image formation
Measuring modulation transfer functions (MTF)
Discrete transforms and sampling
The MTF for a CCD imaging array
Image quality and MTF

25. Images and information
Image noise
Photographic noise
Quantifying image noise
Practical considerations for the autocorrelation function and the noise power spectrum
Signal-to-noise ratio
Detective quantum efficiency (DQE)
Information theory

26. Digital image processing and manipulation
Linear spatial filtering (convolution)
Frequency domain filtering
Non-linear filtering
Statistical operations (point, grey-level operations)
Image restoration
Edge detection and segmentation
Image data compression

Index